Press tools design lecture notes

Identify candidate materials. Evaluate candidate materials. Select materials. While each step might seem obvious, there are many organizations that do not have the structure in place to follow each step. Consequently, they end up selecting sub-optimum materials. The remainder of this article gives a brief overview of each step of the materials selection process. Future articles will provide more details about each step of the process.

For many products, some of these requirements are not applicable, making the information gathering process easier. Regardless, as the number of requirements increases, the chance of finding a set of potential materials decreases.

Step 2: Identify materials selection criteria The materials selection criteria are specific materials properties derived from the requirements identified during Step 1. This will be one of the material selection criteria. Step 3: Identify candidate materials Use the materials selection criteria to rule out materials that will not satisfy all the materials selection criteria.

Do not rely upon nominal properties values. Step 4: Evaluate candidate materials There may be candidate materials for which there insufficient data available to indicate whether the materials satisfy certain selection criteria. These materials will have to be analyzed and tested to determine whether they do meet the selection criteria.

Step 5: Select materials Select the materials that satisfy all the materials selection criteria at the lowest cost.

Remember, cost includes the cost of the material and the cost to fabricate a component or form a joint between components. Material selection process charts: Material selection is a step in the process of designing any physical object.

In the context of product design, the main goal of material selection is to minimize cost while meeting product performance goals. For example, a thermal blanket must have poor thermal conductivity in order to minimize heat transfer for a given temperature difference. Systematic selection for applications requiring multiple criteria is more complex.

For example, a rod which should be stiff and light requires a material with high Young's modulus and low density. Ashby plots Plot of Young modulus vs density. The colors represent families of materials. An Ashby plot, named for Michael Ashby of Cambridge University, is a scatter plot which displays two or more properties of many materials or classes of materials. The first plot on the right shows density and Young's modulus, in a linear scale. The second plot shows the same materials attributes in a log-log scale.

Materials families polymers, foams, metals, etc. Of course, cost per kg is not the only important factor in material selection. An important concept is 'cost per unit of function'. For example, if the key design objective was the stiffness of a plate of the material, as described in the introductory paragraph above, then the designer would need a material with the optimal combination of density, Young's modulus, and price.

Optimizing complex combinations of technical and price properties is a hard process to achieve manually, so rational material selection software is an important tool. General method for using an Ashby chart Utilizing an "Ashby chart" is a common method for choosing the appropriate material.

This equation numerically quantifies how desirable the material will be for a specific situation. By convention, a higher performance index denotes a better material. Lastly, the performance index is plotted on the Ashby chart. Visual inspection reveals the most desirable material. Unit 2: Machining Process Various machining process: Machining is any of various processes in which a piece of raw material is cut into a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process.

The processes that have this common theme, controlled material removal, are today collectively known as subtractive manufacturing,[1] in distinction from processes of controlled material addition, which are known as additive manufacturing. Exactly what the "controlled" part of the definition implies can vary, but it almost always implies the use of machine tools in addition to just power tools and hand tools. Machining is a part of the manufacture of many metal products, but it can also be used on materials such as wood, plastic, ceramic, and composites.

A room, building, or company where machining is done is called a machine shop. Much of modern-day machining is carried out by computer numerical control CNC , in which computers are used to control the movement and operation of the mills, lathes, and other cutting machines. History and terminology[edit] The precise meaning of the term machining has evolved over the past one and a half centuries as technology has advanced. In the 18th century, the word machinist simply meant a person who built or repaired machines.

This person's work was done mostly by hand, using processes such as the carving of wood and the hand-forging and hand-filing of metal. At the time, millwrights and builders of new kinds of engines meaning, more or less, machines of any kind , such as James Watt or John Wilkinson, would fit the definition. The noun machine tool and the verb to machine machined, machining did not yet exist. Around the middle of the 19th century, the latter words were coined as the concepts that they described evolved into widespread existence.

Therefore, during the Machine Age, machining referred to what we today might call the "traditional" machining processes, such as turning, boring, drilling, milling, broaching, sawing, shaping, planing, reaming, and tapping. In current usage, the term "machining" without qualification usually implies the traditional machining processes. In the decades of the s and s, as additive manufacturing AM evolved beyond its earlier laboratory and rapid prototyping contexts and began to become common throughout all phases of manufacturing, the term subtractive manufacturing became common retronymously in logical contrast with AM, covering essentially any removal processes also previously covered by the term machining.

The two terms are effectively synonymous, although the long-established usage of the term machining continues. This is comparable to the idea that the verb sense of contact evolved because of the proliferation of ways to contact someone telephone, email, IM, SMS, and so on but did not entirely replace the earlier terms such as call, talk to, or write to. Machining operations The three principal machining processes are classified as turning, drilling and milling. Other operations falling into miscellaneous categories include shaping, planing, boring, broaching and sawing.

Lathes are the principal machine tool used in turning. Milling machines are the principal machine tool used in milling. Drilling operations are done primarily in drill presses but sometimes on lathes or mills. Burnishing is an example of a miscellaneous operation. Burnishing produces no swarf but can be performed at a lathe, mill, or drill press.

A finished product would be a workpiece that meets the specifications set out for that workpiece by engineering drawings or blueprints. For example, a workpiece may be required to have a specific outside diameter.

A lathe is a machine tool that can be used to create that diameter by rotating a metal workpiece, so that a cutting tool can cut metal away, creating a smooth, round surface matching the required diameter and surface finish.

A drill can be used to remove metal in the shape of a cylindrical hole. Other tools that may be used for various types of metal removal are milling machines, saws, and grinding machines. Many of these same techniques are used in woodworking. More recent, advanced machining techniques include precision CNC machining, electrical discharge machining EDM , electro-chemical erosion, laser cutting, or water jet cutting to shape metal workpieces.

Although a machine shop can be a stand-alone operation, many businesses maintain internal machine shops which support specialized needs of the business. Machining requires attention to many details for a workpiece to meet the specifications set out in the engineering drawings or blueprints.

Beside the obvious problems related to correct dimensions, there is the problem of achieving the correct finish or surface smoothness on the workpiece. The inferior finish found on the machined surface of a workpiece may be caused by incorrect clamping, a dull tool, or inappropriate presentation of a tool. Frequently, this poor surface finish, known as chatter, is evident by an undulating or irregular finish, and the appearance of waves on the machined surfaces of the workpiece.

Basic machining process. Overview of machining technology[edit] Machining is any process in which a cutting tool is used to remove small chips of material from the workpiece the workpiece is often called the "work". To perform the operation, relative motion is required between the tool and the work. This relative motion is achieved in most machining operation by means of a primary motion, called "cutting speed" and a secondary motion called "feed".

Machining operations[edit] There are many kinds of machining operations, each of which is capable of generating a certain part geometry and surface texture. In turning, a cutting tool with a single cutting edge is used to remove material from a rotating workpiece to generate a cylindrical shape. The primary motion is provided by rotating the workpiece, and the feed motion is achieved by moving the cutting tool slowly in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the workpiece.

Drilling is used to create a round hole. It is accomplished by a rotating tool that typically has two or four helical cutting edges. The tool is fed in a direction parallel to its axis of rotation into the workpiece to form the round hole. In boring, a tool with a single bent pointed tip is advanced into a roughly made hole in a spinning workpiece to slightly enlarge the hole and improve its accuracy.

It is a fine finishing operation used in the final stages of product manufacture. Reaming is one of the sizing operations that removes a small amount of metal from a hole already drilled. In milling, a rotating tool with multiple cutting edges is moved slowly relative to the material to generate a plane or straight surface.

The direction of the feed motion is perpendicular to the tool's axis of rotation. The speed motion is provided by the rotating milling cutter. Also, grinding and similar abrasive operations are often included within the category of machining.

Cutting tool[edit] Main article: Cutting tool machining A "numerical controlled machining cell machinist" monitors a B-1B aircraft part being manufactured. A cutting tool has one or more sharp cutting edges and is made of a material that is harder than the work material.

The cutting edge serves to separate chip from the parent work material. It is measured relative to the plane perpendicular to the work surface. The rake angle can be positive or negative. The flank of the tool provides a clearance between the tool and the newly formed work surface, thus protecting the surface from abrasion, which would degrade the finish. This angle between the work surface and the flank surface is called the relief angle. During machining, the point of the tool penetrates below the original work surface of the workpart.

The point is sometimes rounded to a certain radius, called the nose radius. Multiple-cutting-edge tools have more than one cutting edge and usually achieve their motion relative to the workpart by rotating. Drilling and milling uses rotating multiple-cutting-edge tools. Although the shapes of these tools are different from a single-point tool, many elements of tool geometry are similar.

Cutting conditions[edit] Relative motion is required between the tool and work to perform a machining operation. The primary motion is accomplished at a certain cutting speed. In addition, the tool must be moved laterally across the work. This is a much slower motion, called the feed. The remaining dimension of the cut is the penetration of the cutting tool below the original work surface, called the depth of cut.

Collectively, speed, feed, and depth of cut are called the cutting conditions. Finishing cuts are used to complete the part and achieve the final dimension, tolerances, and surface finish. In production machining jobs, one or more roughing cuts are usually performed on the work, followed by one or two finishing cuts. Roughing operations are done at high feeds and depths — feeds of 0.

Finishing operations are carried out at low feeds and depths — feeds of 0. Cutting speeds are lower in roughing than in finishing. A cutting fluid is often applied to the machining operation to cool and lubricate the cutting tool.

Determining whether a cutting fluid should be used, and, if so, choosing the proper cutting fluid, is usually included within the scope of cutting condition.

Today other forms of metal cutting are becoming increasingly popular. An example of this is water jet cutting. Water jet cutting involves pressurized water in excess of MPa 90 psi and is able to cut metal and have a finished product. This process is called cold cutting, which eliminates the damage caused by a heat affected zone, as opposed to laser and plasma cutting. Relationship of subtractive and additive techniques[edit] With the recent proliferation of additive manufacturing technologies, conventional machining has been retronymouslyclassified, in thought and language, as a subtractive manufacturing method.

In narrow contexts, additive and subtractive methods may compete with each other. In the broad context of entire industries, their relationship is complementary. Each method has its own advantages over the other. Dimensions, properties, or conditions may have some variation without significantly affecting functioning of systems, machines, structures, etc.

A variation beyond the tolerance for example, a temperature that is too hot or too cold is said to be noncompliant, rejected, or exceeding the tolerance.

Considerations when setting tolerances[edit] A primary concern is to determine how wide the tolerances may be without affecting other factors or the outcome of a process.

This can be by the use of scientific principles, engineering knowledge, and professional experience. Experimental investigation is very useful to investigate the effects of tolerances: Design of experiments, formal engineering evaluations, etc.

A good set of engineering tolerances in a specification, by itself, does not imply that compliance with those tolerances will be achieved. Actual production of any product or operation of any system involves some inherent variation of input and output.

Measurement error and statistical uncertainty are also present in all measurements. With a normal distribution, the tails of measured values may extend well beyond plus and minus three standard deviations from the process average.

Appreciable portions of one or both tails might extend beyond the specified tolerance. The process capability of systems, materials, and products needs to be compatible with the specified engineering tolerances. Process controls must be in place and an effective Quality management system, such as Total Quality Management, needs to keep actual production within the desired tolerances.

A process capability index is used to indicate the relationship between tolerances and actual measured production. The choice of tolerances is also affected by the intended statistical sampling plan and its characteristics such as the Acceptable Quality Level.

An alternative view of tolerances[edit] Genichi Taguchi and others have suggested that traditional two-sided tolerancing is analogous to "goal posts" in a football game: It implies that all data within those tolerances are equally acceptable. There is an increasing loss which is a function of the deviation or variability from the target value of any design parameter.

The greater the deviation from target, the greater is the loss. This is described as the Taguchi loss function or "quality loss function", and it is the key principle of an alternative system called "inertial tolerancing". Research and development work conducted by M.

Pillet and colleagues[1] at the Savoy University has resulted in industry-specific adoption. Mechanical component tolerance[edit] Summary of basic size, fundamental deviation and IT grades compared to minimum and maximum sizes of the shaft and hole.

Dimensional tolerance is related to, but different from fit in mechanical engineering, which is a designed-in clearance or interference between two parts. Tolerances are assigned to parts for manufacturing purposes, as boundaries for acceptable build. No machine can hold dimensions precisely to the nominal value, so there must be acceptable degrees of variation.

If a part is manufactured, but has dimensions that are out of tolerance, it is not a usable part according to the design intent. Tolerances can be applied to any dimension. This is, in general, the same for both components.

This is identical to the upper deviation for shafts and the lower deviation for holes. Fundamental deviation is a form of allowance, rather than tolerance. This would provide a clearance fit of somewhere between 0. In this case the size of the tolerance range for both the shaft and hole is chosen to be the same 0.

When no other tolerances are provided, the machining industry uses the following standard tolerances:[3][4] 1 decimal place. The standard size tolerances are divided into two categories: hole and shaft.

They are labelled with a letter capitals for holes and lowercase for shafts and a number. For example: H7 hole, tapped hole, or nut and h7 shaft or bolt. Surface roughness Surface roughness often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface texture. It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form.

If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. In surface metrology, roughness is typically considered to be the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface.

However, in practice it is often necessary to know both the amplitude and frequency to ensure that a surface is fit for a purpose. Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real object will interact with its environment. In tribology, rough surfaces usually wear more quickly and have higher friction coefficients than smooth surfaces. Roughness is often a good predictor of the performance of a mechanical component, since irregularities on the surface may form nucleation sites for cracks or corrosion.

On the other hand, roughness may promote adhesion. Generally speaking, rather than scale specific descriptors, cross-scale descriptors such as surface fractality provide more meaningful predictions of mechanical interactions at surfaces including contact stiffness [1] and static friction.

For example, it is difficult and expensive to control surface roughness of fused deposition modelling FDM manufactured parts. This often results in a trade- off between the manufacturing cost of a component and its performance in application. Roughness can be measured by manual comparison against a "surface roughness comparator" a sample of known surface roughness , but more generally a surface profile measurement is made with a profilometer.

These can be of the contact variety typically a diamond stylus or optical e. However, controlled roughness can often be desirable. For example, a gloss surface can be too shiny to the eye and too slippery to the finger a touchpad is a good example so a controlled roughness is required. This is a case where both amplitude and frequency are very important. CASTING Casting is basically melting a solid material, heating to a special temperature, and pouring the molten material into a cavity or mold, which is in proper shape.

Casting has been known by human being since the 4th century B. Today it is nearly impossible to design anything that cannot be cast by means of one or more of the available casting processes. However, as with other manufacturing processes, best results and economy can be achieved if the designer understands the various casting processes and adapts his designs so as to use the process most efficient.

Solidification proceeds by the growth of a few favorably oriented nuclei, in the direction of heat extraction. This leads to be observed columnar structure. Because of the preferred growth direction of the large grains, the casting will have very anisotropic properties. Since most metals shrink on solidification, the liquid meniscus gradually drops and a shrinkage cavity pipe remains.

Figure 1. Solidification proceeds with a the growth of columnar grains in pure metals but, b with the growth of dendrites in solid solutions.

Figure 2. Development of the macrostructure of a casting during solidification: a Nucleation begins, b the chill zone forms, c preferred growth produces the columnar zone, and d additional nucleation creates the equiaxed zone. Casting Materials Although some non-metals are cast, the process is primary importance in the production of metal products.

The metals most frequently cast are iron, steel, aluminium, brass, bronze, magnesium, and certain zinc alloys. Casting Procedure In all casting processes six basic factors are involved. These are as follows: 1. A mold cavity, having the desired shape and size and with due allowance for shrinkage of the solidifying metal, must be produced. Any complexity of shape desired in the finished casting must exist in the cavity. Consequently, the mold material must such as to reproduce the desired detail and also have a refractory character so that it will not be significantly affected by the molten metal that it contains.

Either a new mold must be prepared for each casting, or it must be made from a material that can withstand being used for repeated castings, the latter being called permanent molds. A suitable means must be available for melting the metal that is to be cast, providing not only adequate temperature, but also satisfactory quality and quantity at low cost.

The molten metal must be introduced into the mold in such a manner that all air or gases in the mold, prior to pouring or generated by the action of the hot metal upon the mold, will escape, and the mold will be completely filled.

A quality casting must be dense and free from defects such as air holes. Provision must be made so that the mold will not cause too much restraint to the shrinkage that accompanies cooling after the metal has solidified. Otherwise, the casting will crack while its strength is low. It must be possible to remove the casting from the mold so a permanent mold must be made in two or more sections. After removal from the mold, finishing operations may need to be performed to remove extraneous material that is attached to the casting as the result of the method of introducing the metal into the cavity, or is picked up from the mold through contact with the metal.

Six major casting processes currently are used. These are: 1. Sand casting 2. Plaster-mold casting 3. Investment casting 4. Centrifugal casting 5. Permanent-mold casting 6. Die casting 7. Squeeze casting 6. Sand is used as the mold material. The sand grains, mixed with small amounts of other materials to improve the moldability and cohesive strength, are packed around a pattern that has the shape of the desired casting.

Products covering a wide range of sizes and detail can be made by this method. A new mold must be made for each casting, and gravity usually is employed to cause the metal to flow into the mold.

The process is not so accurate as die casting or investment casting. Water is added to make a creamy s1urry. This process is limited to non-ferrous metals, because ferrous metals react with sulphur in gypsum. The core boxes are usually made form brass, plastics, or aluminium. In any case they involve making a pattern of the desired form out of wax or plastics usually polystyrene. A metal flask is placed around the assembled patterns and refractory mold slurry is poured to support the patterns and form the cavities.

A vibrating table equipped with a vacuum pump is used to eliminate all the air from the mold. After the mold material has set and dried, the pattern material is melted and allowed to run out of the mold. When the metal is cooled, the investment material is removed by means of vibrating hammers or by tumbling. I also learnt that users appreciate a sense of control. Therefore, when including interaction within instruction design allowing the user to control what happens and the outcome is important for effective communication of the instruction.

Today many websites are following similar patterns due to the excellent development of certain screen patterns as well as the current trends. When designing patterns for screen it is best to design for mobile first. Starting with the smaller screen is easier than starting large and scaling down. You will notice as we take a look at the top 9 current design patterns that these patterns are something we see daily. Whilst, these design patterns are very popular and on trend at the moment, it is important to make sure the design patterns you follow suit the need of your webpage.

Designed by Norm Cox, the hamburger menu is an easily recognised pattern and is normally positioned on the top left or right of a webpage. It is used as a navigational menu in order to save space on the webpage. You will find this design pattern when signing up for a website or when you have a form to fill out.

The long scroll pattern is great for storytelling and taking users on a journey. It is generally split into clear section but not on seperate pages. Most often used for blogs, portfolios etc. The card layout was pioneered by Pinterest. Each card can be described as a mini condensed webpage where each card is its own concept. This pattern is great for quick scanning and works well across all devices. Hero images are large high definition images and are a great way to grab the users attention.

The most common layout is to have the hero image above the scroll and then a card spaced arrangement etc below. Animation when used well can enhance the sites story and add entertainment for the user. Common ways to use animation within a website are:.

It is very similar to Flat Design. Responsive Design is extremely popular and is a great way for businesses to be accessible across all devices.

Whilst this is a great way to reach a broader audience it does mean that a lot of our websites look very similar. Flat design focuses on minimalistic use of elements, typography and flat colours. Apples IOS is a great example of this. The most important aspect I took away from this lecture was that whilst many of the screen designs mentioned are what is popular at the moment, it is important to extend past trends and always look at what your client needs. A screen design that may be very popular and on trend might not actually be what your client needs.

I found this reminder important because it is easy to get caught up in the all the fancy effects, animations, layouts etc that are possible and as a new design student I find quite fun. However, it is important to look at the functionality and if it is really adding to the sites design and function or just there because it looked cool.

Asking questions about what the client wants the user to achieve through using their website or app helps in deciding design solutions and product application. For example, if the client wants to reach an audience that is 5 years old and informative website with click button interactions will not achieve this goal.

Instead, interactive games would a better solution. Despite popular design trends, looking at the clients goals should always be the most important. Bill Verplank offers a diagram to show the development of design solutions. The processes needed to move from initial idea to graphic presentation. Project ideas often start simply using pencil and paper, sticky notes, flow charts etc to generate ideas and help develop a concept.

It is here we ask why? We must look at the design in use context and put prototypes in the hands of real people in order to learn from real life situations. There are many tools to bring interactive prototypes to life and it is important that we choose the appropriate tool for your audience.

There are many techniques for gathering information to generate ideas such as:. Here we will look at the context for use and the context of use when designing a digital interaction. Some important things to understand first are:. We create context scenarios of people and there needs so we can create interaction designs that will cater to these needs.

A context scenario is a story about the use. As you can see there are many questions that need to be asked when creating the context within which your design interaction will be used. Some questions are obvious and some questions create other questions.

It is only by understanding what people need, expect and the circumstances by which they will use the device or interface can we design successful interactions.

There were two things that I found the most important from this information. Creating context for your interactive design is essential in order for it to be successful with real world use. This made me think about people in my world I can ask questions to and gain real world insight into peoples needs and goals using an interactive user face. I was reminded of the value that sketching out initial ideas and working through the design concept has for creating a successful design outcome that is both meaningful and useful in real world situations.

Interaction design is designing interactive products to support people in their every day life. Excessive clearance causes more burr on the sheared sheet while less clearance reduces the burr but it also damages the edges of the die and punch. This results in frequent resharpening of the die and the punch and decreases the press tool life. The range of die clearances for various materials for stamping work:. Note that the die clearances are specified in the percentage of Sheet thickness. For a close cutting profile, there would be a die clearance between the die and punch all around in profile.

Note: It is not possible to get tolerances than die clearance on components so it is necessary to perform an additional shaving operation for high precision work. The hole pierced in the sheet is a tapered one, with minimum opening equal to punch size. The maximum size of the hole at the bottom of the sheet depends upon the width of the die opening. The Die clearance on the die cut out is bigger than the size stated on the component drawing.

The blanked profile sheet is also tapered one, with minimum size at the bottom and maximum at the top. The maximum size of the hole at the bottom of the sheet depends upon the die opening.

The maximum dimensions of the blanks should not exceed the sizes stated in components drawing. So in blanking the die cutout is made equal to the die profile hole and the punch must be lesser on every side by the clearance size. Note: What is the difference between punching and blanking tools?

Ans: Blanking and Punching tools both are similar however the workpiece in the blanking tool called blank and used in further operation whereas in the punching tool the piece falling through the die is scrap. The bending process changes the shape of a flat blank to make it angular, curved, or both without much change in its thickness. It is a very common process for changing sheets and plates into channels, drums tanks, etc. During the bending operation, the outer surface of the material is in tension and the inside surface is in compression.

The strain in the bent material increases with a decreasing radius of curvature. The minimum radius to which a blank can be bent without cracking depends upon the material and its hardness. The minimum inside radius also depends upon the direction of rolling. The strips should be cut in such a way that the bend lines lie at the right angle to the grain direction. A sheet is more vulnerable to cracking in bends across the grain direction. So the minimum radius of cracking across the grain is about four times the minimum radii for bend along the grain direction.

Usually, the direction of grains is parallel to the longer side of the full uncut sheet. Minimum radii for bending various materials along with the grain directions. When the metal sheet folded or bent, the metal around the bend is deformed and stretched. As this happens it gains a small amount of total length in the stamped part.

The Bend Allowance is defined as the added length to the actual leg lengths of the part in order to develop a flat pattern. The leg length is the length of the flange which is outside the bend radius. It is a necessary stamping principle to calculate the length of the blank before bending because a component is usually blanked before bending. During Bending the metal layers adjacent to the inner radius are compressed while the metal layers adjacent to the outer radius are stretched.

Some layers of sheet neither compress nor stretch during a bending operation called Neutral Plane. Note: Neutral Plane lies along the middle of sheet thickness for radius more than twice thickness.

For radii less than twice of sheet thickness approximately one-third thickness from the inner radius surface of the bend. The research method also allows designers to consider future adjustments and changes. In addition to that, the expected or realised cost savings are outlined.

Qualitative research methods allow designers to work efficiently with low cost. This form of research method allows designers to further enhance and change the design to reach its true potential.

Another point to consider is tangible and intangible, this refers to the study of people when there is no design. During this process, the designer takes the way people work and live into consideration. An appropriate research method to use includes field study. The process consists of observing the users everyday activities. If the designer values user behaviour or ease of use over a period of time, it is best to conduct a longitudinal study.

Example research methods include diary studies and multiple surveys. The final consideration to be made when selecting a research method is the context. The examples of these methods are displayed in the screengrab above. The term user interface refers to the interactive content and the connection between the user and the experience.

This experience can also be considered as the first impression the user has with the interface. As a result, it is important that the proposed interactive provides a more positive and memorable experience rather than leaving the user to be dissatisfied.

In order to design a successful UI design designers must develop an interactive that puts great consideration for both the aesthetic as well as the navigation of the interactive. It is important that all UI elements guide the user into a smooth experience. The User Experience UX is described as a term that describes the abstract feeling that individuals experience when using a website.

Throughout the design process, high quality and positive content must be provided for the user. Within the lecture pod, Waterson states that the design team will organise and develop user interactives with high user experience level. A few design considerations made by the designer include menu options, buttons, graphics, text, video as well as composition.

The placement of the listed factors is important as a result of having a direct impact on the user experience. The common UI patterns of navigation are common solutions that have been utilised to resolve design problems and issues. The design patterns are considered to be a reference point for individuals that are experienced within this particular field of design. The use tabs is a common navigation system, they are considered to be an example of Skeuomorphism.

The idea of tabs is inspired by the tabs seen within a filing cabinet. This format is often used when content needs to be separated into categories and needs to be organised in a flat navigation structure.

This navigation system is best used when the designer needs to organise sections or when the section name is short. The use of tabs is best used when the designer wants the navigation to take up the entire width of the page and when the content is organised in the highest available sections or subsections. It is not appropriate to use this navigation system when displaying subject-specific data.

The use of this navigation system is to organise multiple sections with limited and minimal space. This format saves space by concealing information, however, this technique does not increase the usability of the website. The use of this UI pattern is appropriate when sections of content require a hierarchical navigation system. This navigation system is best displayed on desktop applications.

This navigation menu is not appropriate when used to single out the location of the current item. Drawer Menus, this navigation form is also referred to as the flyout menu or the tray. The use of this UI pattern is for space-saving as well as efficient access to the key elements of the interactive.

The following UI pattern works with various hierarchies, this pattern is presented with a search bar accompanied by a dropdown menu. This is often used to provide efficient access to particular elements for the user. The use of this UI pattern is best for organising information that requires efficient access to specific sections to a site that bypasses the central navigation system. It is often used as a shortcut to another hierarchical structure. The system contains content that is often accessed more frequently.

The home UI pattern is quite common and has often become a standard of web design. When using this method, the image link should remain in the same location for all pages of the website. The use of this UI pattern is to provide information to users current location and position within the websites hierarchical structure.

This is often used to assist the user to browse backwards through the hierarchy. The UI pattern is displayed in a minimalistic format and is best used when the structure of the website is separated into sections.

This UI pattern is often used when the user needs to browse through multiple items. It is best to use this pattern to present the key elements of the website.

The carousel can also be used when there is not enough space to display all the content at once. It is best to use this format to showcase visuals such as video media and photographs. This UI pattern is used to display the categories of a website. They are keyword descriptors that allow the user to search for their desired task. Displayed above is an example of User Scenario via mapping, here it shows the different behaviours and stories.

This process also provides instructional details. Another example displayed within the lecture pod is the LUX website, here the interactive provides users with access to a selection of video art as well as educational support. Waterson verbally outlines a user scenario in which an individual was seeking for a video following a specific genre. Waterson continues to explain that the user was able to complete their hypothetical goal as a result of the usefulness of the interactive.

Waterson makes it clear that designers need to determine who is using the product. To achieve this, it is necessary to begin conducting qualitative research.

During this process, the designer must identify patterns, behaviours and goals of who is interviewed. The post-interview process requires the designer to develop multiple fictional archetypal users that have the same goals as the individuals that were interviewed.

The purpose of this task is to provide guidance and direction throughout the initial design stages of the interactive.

What is a scenario? A scenario is a term given to a particular form of narrative writing, this process describes foreseeable interactions. The purpose of this tool is to outline the goals, expectations, motivations, actions and reactions.

The developed scenarios are an attempt to understand how to use a system. With a clear understanding of the issue, the persona, as well as the context, allows the designer to identify and breakdown the goal of the user. In addition to that, the tool also allows the designer to prioritise particular tasks. User Persona is a tool that has been used for documentation purposes, this tool outlines the user experiences since the mids.

A user persona is a fictional representation of an ideal user for an interface. The process begins by conducting visual research, during this process, it is important to identify the needs, goals as well as other observed pattern behaviour patterns. User Personas are considered to be essential elements to design for they have the purpose to inform and validate the design of a user interface as well as having the ability to improve the user experience.

When developing a user interface, despite the screen size it is necessary to understand who will be using the product.

By doing so the designer can identify the user problem. A user persona is a vital element for the design process to ensure that a successful product is put on the market. The tool is often developed through synthesised data that is collected from interviews with potential users.

Throughout this process, descriptions of the potential characteristics of the user will be collected. A few elements that are observed include behaviour patterns, goals, skills, attitudes, the environment and context.

With the collected information, designers can develop a fictional user persona with realistic elements. Alan Cooper, the author of The Inmates Are Running the Asylum brings attention to the fact that characteristics and factors such as appearance or status do not define who is in control within the high-tech industry. When it comes to designing user interfaces, individuals with qualifications in programming and engineering have been put in charge, Cooper argues that money and customer loyalty is put at risk.

Within the book, Cooper offers an insightful and entertaining perspective of how qualified and talented people have designed bad software-based products.