Tool unix

TXT 2. TXT 3. TXT 4. TXT 5. TXT and 5. Say you're doing inventory on all your current systems, and you needed to check all your Solaris systems for their OS level and architecture type. How would you achieve this? Alternatively, what if you needed something a little more elaborate, say to mass-config some flat files, RedHat Commands. OpenSolaris Commands. Linux Commands. SunOS Commands. FreeBSD Commands. Full Man Repository. Advanced Search. Contact Us. Forum Rules.

Mark Forums Read. Thread Tools. View Public Profile for unmanju. You can also browse the download directories for your version: Fedora 33 and Fedora Fedora 13—32 : I don't provide updated binary packages for current MKVToolNix versions for these distributions anymore. However, older binary packages can still be found in the download directories. Flatpak images are available over on FlatHub. After installing Flatpak itself, you can download and run the current version with the following commands:.

If you want to run one of the command-line tools, you can do so as well. In general the syntax looks like this:. I do not provide binaries for Linux Mint. However, as Linux Mint Follow the instructions listed there and select the "bionic" repository if you're running Linux Mint Note: I don't own a Mac. While I do provide binaries I do not offer support for macOS.

I don't use that platform, have no programming experience with it whatsoever, and I have neither the time nor the motivation to hunt down issues on it.

The current version is in the Cauldron distribution. After adding the rpository to your list of publishers you can install MKVToolNix with pkg install mkvtoolnix. Usually it only takes a couple of hours from the release of a new version until packages have been built there. It will do everything for you. This script was provided by Andrew Strong. Ubuntu The current version v If you want to verify the integrity of the downloads please refer to these checksums for v However, they link to files which contain them in full.

This is a way for you to support the development financially while getting automatica updates in return. The keystore is created when it does not already exist.

You are prompted for the distinguished name information, the keystore password, and the private key password. The rest of the examples assume you executed the -genkeypair command without options specified, and that you responded to the prompts with values equal to those specified in the first -genkeypair command. Generating the key pair created a self-signed certificate. A certificate is more likely to be trusted by others when it is signed by a Certification Authority CA.

This creates a CSR for the entity identified by the default alias mykey and puts the request in the file named MarkJ. Submit this file to a CA, such as VeriSign. The CA authenticates you, the requestor usually off-line , and returns a certificate, signed by them, authenticating your public key. In some cases, the CA returns a chain of certificates, each one authenticating the public key of the signer of the previous certificate in the chain.

You now need to replace the self-signed certificate with a certificate chain, where each certificate in the chain authenticates the public key of the signer of the previous certificate in the chain, up to a root CA. Before you import the certificate reply from a CA, you need one or more trusted certificates in your keystore or in the cacerts keystore file.

See -importcert in Commands. If the certificate reply is a certificate chain, then you need the top certificate of the chain. The root CA certificate that authenticates the public key of the CA. If the certificate reply is a single certificate, then you need a certificate for the issuing CA the one that signed it. If that certificate is not self-signed, then you need a certificate for its signer, and so on, up to a self-signed root CA certificate.

The cacerts keystore file ships with several VeriSign root CA certificates, so you probably will not need to import a VeriSign certificate as a trusted certificate in your keystore. But if you request a signed certificate from a different CA, and a certificate authenticating that CA's public key was not added to cacerts , then you must import a certificate from the CA as a trusted certificate.

A certificate from a CA is usually either self-signed or signed by another CA, in which case you need a certificate that authenticates that CA's public key.

Suppose company ABC, Inc. Be careful to ensure the certificate is valid before you import it as a trusted certificate. View it first with the keytool -printcert command or the keytool -importcert command without the -noprompt option, and make sure that the displayed certificate fingerprints match the expected ones. You can call the person who sent the certificate, and compare the fingerprints that you see with the ones that they show or that a secure public key repository shows.

Only when the fingerprints are equal is it guaranteed that the certificate was not replaced in transit with somebody else's for example, an attacker's certificate. If such an attack takes place, and you did not check the certificate before you imported it, then you would be trusting anything the attacker has signed. If you trust that the certificate is valid, then you can add it to your keystore with the following command:. After you import a certificate that authenticates the public key of the CA you submitted your certificate signing request to or there is already such a certificate in the cacerts file , you can import the certificate reply and replace your self-signed certificate with a certificate chain.

This chain is the one returned by the CA in response to your request when the CA reply is a chain , or one constructed when the CA reply is a single certificate using the certificate reply and trusted certificates that are already available in the keystore where you import the reply or in the cacerts keystore file. For example, if you sent your certificate signing request to VeriSign, then you can import the reply with the following, which assumes the returned certificate is named VSMarkJ.

If you used the jarsigner command to sign a Java Archive JAR file, then clients that want to use the file will want to authenticate your signature. One way the clients can authenticate you is by first importing your public key certificate into their keystore as a trusted entry.

You can export the certificate and supply it to your clients. As an example, you can copy your certificate to a file named MJ. With the certificate and the signed JAR file, a client can use the jarsigner command to authenticate your signature. The command importkeystore is used to import an entire keystore into another keystore, which means all entries from the source keystore, including keys and certificates, are all imported to the destination keystore within a single command.

You can use this command to import entries from a different type of keystore. During the import, all new entries in the destination keystore will have the same alias names and protection passwords for secret keys and private keys.

If the keytool command cannot recover the private keys or secret keys from the source keystore, then it prompts you for a password. If it detects alias duplication, then it asks you for a new alias, and you can specify a new alias or simply allow the keytool command to overwrite the existing one.

For example, to import entries from a typical JKS type keystore key. The importkeystore command can also be used to import a single entry from a source keystore to a destination keystore. In this case, besides the options you see in the previous example, you need to specify the alias you want to import.

The following command demonstrates this:. Ensure that you store all the certificates in the same keystore. In these examples, RSA is the recommended the key algorithm. Keystores can have different types of entries. The two most applicable entry types for the keytool command include the following:.

Key entries : Each entry holds very sensitive cryptographic key information, which is stored in a protected format to prevent unauthorized access. Typically, a key stored in this type of entry is a secret key, or a private key accompanied by the certificate chain for the corresponding public key. See Certificate Chains. The keytool command can handle both types of entries, while the jarsigner tool only handles the latter type of entry, that is private keys and their associated certificate chains.

Trusted certificate entries : Each entry contains a single public key certificate that belongs to another party. The entry is called a trusted certificate because the keystore owner trusts that the public key in the certificate belongs to the identity identified by the subject owner of the certificate. The issuer of the certificate vouches for this, by signing the certificate. All keystore entries key and trusted certificate entries are accessed by way of unique aliases.

An alias is specified when you add an entity to the keystore with the -genseckey command to generate a secret key, the -genkeypair command to generate a key pair public and private key , or the -importcert command to add a certificate or certificate chain to the list of trusted certificates.

Subsequent keytool commands must use this same alias to refer to the entity. This example specifies an initial password of dukekeypasswd required by subsequent commands to access the private key associated with the alias duke. If you later want to change Duke's private key password, use a command such as the following:.

This changes the password from dukekeypasswd to newpass. A password should not be specified on a command line or in a script unless it is for testing purposes, or you are on a secure system. If you do not specify a required password option on a command line, then you are prompted for it. The KeyStore class provided in the java. It is possible for there to be multiple different concrete implementations, where each implementation is that for a particular type of keystore. Currently, two command-line tools keytool and jarsigner and a GUI-based tool named Policy Tool make use of keystore implementations.

Because the KeyStore class is public , users can write additional security applications that use it. There is a built-in default implementation, provided by Oracle. It implements the keystore as a file with a proprietary keystore type format named JKS. It protects each private key with its individual password, and also protects the integrity of the entire keystore with a possibly different password. Keystore implementations are provider-based. That is, there is a corresponding abstract KeystoreSpi class, also in the java.

The term provider refers to a package or a set of packages that supply a concrete implementation of a subset of services that can be accessed by the Java Security API. Applications can choose different types of keystore implementations from different providers, using the getInstance factory method supplied in the KeyStore class. Keystore implementations of different types are not compatible.

The keytool command works on any file-based keystore implementation. It treats the keystore location that is passed to it at the command line as a file name and converts it to a FileInputStream , from which it loads the keystore information. The jarsigner and policytool commands can read a keystore from any location that can be specified with a URL. For keytool and jarsigner , you can specify a keystore type at the command line, with the -storetype option.

For Policy Tool, you can specify a keystore type with the Keystore menu. If you do not explicitly specify a keystore type, then the tools choose a keystore implementation based on the value of the keystore.

The security properties file is called java. Each tool gets the keystore. It then uses the keystore implementation from that provider.

The KeyStore class defines a static method named getDefaultType that lets applications and applets retrieve the value of the keystore. The following line of code creates an instance of the default keystore type as specified in the keystore. The default keystore type is jks , which is the proprietary type of the keystore implementation provided by Oracle. This is specified by the following line in the security properties file:.

To have the tools utilize a keystore implementation other than the default, you can change that line to specify a different keystore type. For example, if you have a provider package that supplies a keystore implementation for a keystore type called pkcs12 , then change the line to the following:. Note: Case does not matter in keystore type designations. For example, JKS would be considered the same as jks. A certificate or public-key certificate is a digitally signed statement from one entity the issuer , saying that the public key and some other information of another entity the subject has some specific value.

The following terms are related to certificates:. Public Keys : These are numbers associated with a particular entity, and are intended to be known to everyone who needs to have trusted interactions with that entity. Public keys are used to verify signatures.

Digitally Signed : If some data is digitally signed, then it is stored with the identity of an entity and a signature that proves that entity knows about the data. The data is rendered unforgeable by signing with the entity's private key. Identity : A known way of addressing an entity.

In some systems, the identity is the public key, and in others it can be anything from an Oracle Solaris UID to an email address to an X. Signature : A signature is computed over some data using the private key of an entity. The signer, which in the case of a certificate is also known as the issuer. Private Keys : These are numbers, each of which is supposed to be known only to the particular entity whose private key it is that is, it is supposed to be kept secret.

Private and public keys exist in pairs in all public key cryptography systems also referred to as public key crypto systems. In a typical public key crypto system, such as DSA, a private key corresponds to exactly one public key. Private keys are used to compute signatures.

Entity : An entity is a person, organization, program, computer, business, bank, or something else you are trusting to some degree. Public key cryptography requires access to users' public keys. In a large-scale networked environment, it is impossible to guarantee that prior relationships between communicating entities were established or that a trusted repository exists with all used public keys. Certificates were invented as a solution to this public key distribution problem.

Now a Certification Authority CA can act as a trusted third party. CAs are entities such as businesses that are trusted to sign issue certificates for other entities. It is assumed that CAs only create valid and reliable certificates because they are bound by legal agreements. With the keytool command, it is possible to display, import, and export certificates. It is also possible to generate self-signed certificates.

The X. All the data in a certificate is encoded with two related standards called ASN. Abstract Syntax Notation 1 describes data. The Definite Encoding Rules describe a single way to store and transfer that data. Version : This identifies which version of the X. Thus far, three versions are defined. The keytool command can import and export v1, v2, and v3 certificates.

It generates v3 certificates. Most certificate profile documents strongly recommend that names not be reused and that certificates should not make use of unique identifiers. Version 2 certificates are not widely used. Some common extensions are: KeyUsage limits the use of the keys to particular purposes such as signing-only and AlternativeNames allows other identities to also be associated with this public key, for example.

DNS names, email addresses, IP addresses. Extensions can be marked critical to indicate that the extension should be checked and enforced or used. For example, if a certificate has the KeyUsage extension marked critical and set to keyCertSign , then when this certificate is presented during SSL communication, it should be rejected because the certificate extension indicates that the associated private key should only be used for signing certificates and not for SSL use.

Serial number : The entity that created the certificate is responsible for assigning it a serial number to distinguish it from other certificates it issues. This information is used in numerous ways. Signature algorithm identifier : This identifies the algorithm used by the CA to sign the certificate.

Issuer name : The X. See X. This is typically a CA. Using this certificate implies trusting the entity that signed this certificate. In some cases, such as root or top-level CA certificates, the issuer signs its own certificate.

Validity period : Each certificate is valid only for a limited amount of time. This period is described by a start date and time and an end date and time, and can be as short as a few seconds or almost as long as a century. The validity period chosen depends on a number of factors, such as the strength of the private key used to sign the certificate, or the amount one is willing to pay for a certificate.

This is the expected period that entities can rely on the public value, when the associated private key has not been compromised. Subject name : The name of the entity whose public key the certificate identifies. This name uses the X.

This is the X. For example,. Subject public key information : This is the public key of the entity being named with an algorithm identifier that specifies which public key crypto system this key belongs to and any associated key parameters.

The keytool command can create and manage keystore key entries that each contain a private key and an associated certificate chain. The first certificate in the chain contains the public key that corresponds to the private key. When keys are first generated, the chain starts off containing a single element, a self-signed certificate.

See -genkeypair in Commands. A self-signed certificate is one for which the issuer signer is the same as the subject. The subject is the entity whose public key is being authenticated by the certificate. Later, after a Certificate Signing Request CSR was generated with the -certreq command and sent to a Certification Authority CA , the response from the CA is imported with -importcert , and the self-signed certificate is replaced by a chain of certificates.

See the -certreq and -importcert options in Commands. At the bottom of the chain is the certificate reply issued by the CA authenticating the subject's public key. The next certificate in the chain is one that authenticates the CA's public key. In many cases, this is a self-signed certificate, which is a certificate from the CA authenticating its own public key, and the last certificate in the chain. In other cases, the CA might return a chain of certificates. In this case, the bottom certificate in the chain is the same a certificate signed by the CA, authenticating the public key of the key entry , but the second certificate in the chain is a certificate signed by a different CA that authenticates the public key of the CA you sent the CSR to.

The next certificate in the chain is a certificate that authenticates the second CA's key, and so on, until a self-signed root certificate is reached. Each certificate in the chain after the first authenticates the public key of the signer of the previous certificate in the chain.

Many CAs only return the issued certificate, with no supporting chain, especially when there is a flat hierarchy no intermediates CAs. In this case, the certificate chain must be established from trusted certificate information already stored in the keystore. A different reply format defined by the PKCS 7 standard includes the supporting certificate chain in addition to the issued certificate. Both reply formats can be handled by the keytool command.

The top-level root CA certificate is self-signed. However, the trust into the root's public key does not come from the root certificate itself, but from other sources such as a newspaper. This is because anybody could generate a self-signed certificate with the distinguished name of, for example, the VeriSign root CA.